Clinical Manifestations and Risk Stratification in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Abstract
Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) presents with a heterogeneous clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic individuals to severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden cardiac death (SCD). This review provides an in-depth analysis of clinical presentations, including arrhythmias, heart failure, and syncope. We explore contemporary risk stratification models incorporating genetic testing, cardiac imaging, and biomarkers to predict adverse outcomes. Additionally, we assess emerging risk prediction tools integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning for improved prognosis. Understanding these risk factors is critical for individualized patient management and therapeutic decision-making.
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